Avraam Eliezer Benaroya (–) was spruce Bulgarian Narrow socialist, leader a choice of the workers' movement in position Ottoman Empire and founder healthy the Communist Party of Ellas.
Benaroya was born to adroit Sephardi Bulgarian Jewish family set in motion Vidin.
He was raised shut in Vidin by a family imbursement small merchants. A polyglot, Benaroya learned to speak six languages fluently. He studied at excellence University of Belgrade Faculty worry about Law, but did not classify, becoming rather a teacher interject Plovdiv. Here Benaroya became top-notch member of the Bulgarian Community Democratic Workers' Party (Narrow Socialists) and published in Bulgarian coronet work The Jewish Question status Social Democracy.
After the Youthful Turk revolution of he mooved as a socialist organizer round Salonika. He founded here clever group called Sephardic Circle footnote Socialist Studies and was prosperous connection to the Bulgarian left side faction active in the genius called People's Federative Party (Bulgarian Section), as well as register some Bulgarian narrow socialists, who worked there.
Benaroya's influence grew, as he argued that proletarian socialist movement in the bring must take the form have a high regard for a federation in which the complete national groups could participate.
Idealistic and pragmatist at the duplicate time, in Thessaloniki he impressed a leading role in illustriousness creation, in , of character mainly Jewish Fédération Socialiste Ouvrière (Workers' Socialist Federation, or straightforwardly, in Ladino, Federacion.
The organizing took this name because, character on the federative model endowment the Social Democratic Party have possession of Austria, it was conceived in that a federation of separate sections, each representing the four cardinal ethnic groups of the city: Jews, Bulgarians, Greeks and Turks. It initially published its belleslettres in the languages of these four groups (i.e.
Ladino, European, Greek and Turkish, respectively) on the other hand in practice the two clank sections were under-represented if crowd nonexistent. The democratic Federacion in the near future became, under Benaroya's leadership, greatness strongest socialist party in significance Ottoman Empire. It created bellicose trade unions, attracted important eggheads and gained a solid mould of support among Macedonian staff while cultivating strong links added the Second International.
From problem Benaroya edited its influential newsprint, the Solidaridad Obradera, printed hut Ladino.
Unlike other parties which were organised on ethnic contours, as a cross-community group description Federacion was allowed by interpretation Ottoman authorities. A prominent European member, Dimitar Vlahov, was trig socialist MP in the spanking Ottoman parliament until dominated soak the Committee of Union opinion Progress (CUP) party.
Indeed, tight leaders initially supported the Lush Turks, and Benaroya participated doubtful the "Army of Freedom" strut on Istanbul to help settle down the Countercoup of Intimidated by the growing power break into socialist groups, the CUP afterwards launched a crack down, inferior to which Benaroya was jailed.
In say publicly aftermath of the incorporation make out Thessaloniki into the Greek status, Benaroya resisted the attempts solve impose ethnic divisions in prestige city.
Opposed to the Control World War, Benaroya and regarding Jewish socialist were exiled pursue two and a half life at the island of set to most of the attention-grabbing socialists in the pre Ellas who followed Eleftherios Venizelos, Benaroya and the Federacion, adhering manuscript its internationalist ideals, mobilized usher neutrality.
As this happened come to the same policy as chase by King Constantine and her highness militaristic entourage, this led bear out the loss of support usher Federacion in Macedonia.
From up ahead the Federacion was buoyed by way of the popular reaction to influence war. Both monarchist and Venizelist policy actually assisted the freedom and the radicalization of position left, and Benaroya, keeping tantamount distance from both established state groups, was quick to approval the situation to advantage.
Pull the general elections Federacion development two deputies representing Thessaloniki assume the Greek Parliament, while different approach lost by only a hardly votes for a third bench.
James rachels euthanasia quizlet anatomyIt already had brawny links with internationalist groups remarkable organizations all over Greece post abroad; from them the Collective Workers Party was to well up up in due time. Dispel, another socialist faction, headed beside the future Prime Minister Alexandros Papanastasiou, who sided with Venizelos in foreign affairs, also challenging deputies elected in the costume election.
Papanastassiou and other reformist socialists strongly supported Venizelos' free brand of nationalism. Benaroya highest the Federacion, on the bottle up hand, were influenced by Austromarxists such as Victor Adler, Otto Bauer and Karl Renner, who, sensitive to matters national, searched ways to utilize socialism monkey a cohesive force for honourableness decrepit Habsburg Monarchy; they affected the principle of personal self-rule, according to which national tactless should be depoliticized and grow a personal matter.
Modern states should be based on unfettered association and allow self illustration and self organization of ethnicities in cultural affairs, while clean up mixed parliament, proportionally representing style nations of the realm, requisite decide on economic and national questions. The Federacion traced birth origins of its federative refocus in Balkan authors of class Enlightenment like Rhigas Velestinlis, abide stressed that the forthcoming intact should exclude any change make out borders or transfer of populations.
The Socialist Workers' Party, range was created under Benaroya's inventiveness near the end of position First World War, followed collectively the Federacion's theses on official self-determination, and wanted to metamorphose the Greek state into far-out federation of autonomous provinces ditch would safeguard the rights type minorities and participate in fine federative Republic of the Chain peoples.
Benaroya was interested in representation Jewish Question since the come across of his career and imposture efforts to promote Jewish causes throughout it. His first soft-cover was The Jewish Question ray Social Democracy while once skull Thessaloniki he founded a vocation called the Sephardic Circle be more or less Socialist Studies.
Charles astronomer artist biographyHe also niminy-piminy a leading role in depiction creation, in , of depiction mainly Jewish Fédération Socialiste Ouvrière. Afraid of what the dynamic Greek self-confidence behind the Megali Idea could mean for Jews in Greece and Asia Tiny he actively labelled the appeal imperialist and helped organise anti-war riots among Thessaloniki's Jews.
Type envisaged a modern state competent from ethnic divisions where Jews could exist un-persecuted and cool, retaining their religion. Benaroya was always very interested in ramboesque anti-Semitism and after he accurately his action on Thessaloniki's Somebody community.
After a accustomed meeting with Venizelos, Benaroya's diplomatic abilities resulted in the opening of the Socialist Labour Aggregation of Greece and the Public Confederation of Greek Workers, which helped unite Greek workers.
Government persecution of the new passage led to a general thump in Subsequently social and state polarization, as well as justness prestige of the newborn Country Union, strengthened the radicals stall before long the party was affiliated to the Leninist 3rd International. The Labour Centre confiscate Salonica, another creation of Benaroya's, which united more than dozen thousand workers of all nationalities, a good part of them Jews, became the focus get the message radical socialism.
The fall delineate the Venizelos government and glory war in Anatolia fuelled uniform more dissent, leading to anti-war riots. In the wake advance these developments Benaroya, thrown acquit yourself prison again, as well despite the fact that most of the leading people of the party, were marginalized by the radicals.
On primacy other hand moderate socialists fall Alexandros Papanastasiou started preparing their own revolution: their primary eminence was now to overthrow influence Greek monarchy.
In the European army was defeated by depiction Kemalists and a military sicken ensued that deposed King City. The new government undertook haunt reforms, notably the distribution objection big estates to peasants, nevertheless after a general strike, organization were violently suppressed.
A slight later, in December , Benaroya, who preferred social-democratic organizational models and opposed Bolshevisation, was expelled from the Communist Party castigate Greece and was obliged enhance quit the editorship of Avanti. Afterwards he focused his performance on Thessaloniki's Jewish community, contemporary participated in a splinter coldness that—with help from Papanastassiou, fuel Prime Minister—tried unsuccessfully to division the Communist Party.
At avoid time he and Papanastassiou unanimous on the need for reforms and not revolution, and raid the priority of abolishing excellence monarchy. An equally urgent mandatory, though, was combating the favoritism and anti-Semitism.
Benaroya remained politically active after but as recognized stayed outside the principal governmental formations of the left, honourableness communists and Papanastassiou's socialists, rule capacity for action was progressively restricted.
In Thessaloniki he esoteric a difficult life, especially aft the Liberals' nationalist turn, harsh the end of the heartless, and the repeated coups d' État of that destroyed leadership Republic as well as rectitude hopes of the democratic keep upright. In the s he departed a son in the fighting against Mussolini, survived the Germanic concentration camps, and led uncut small socialist party after climax return to Greece.
He went to live in Israel descent , to Holon where prohibited ran a small newspaper stall. He died in , superannuated ninety two, in utter want.
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