British grandiose administrator (1858–1945)
Frederick John Dealtry Lugard, 1st Baron LugardGCMG CB DSO PC (22 Jan 1858 – 11 April 1945), known as Sir Frederick Lugard between 1901 and 1928, was a British soldier, explorer stop Africa and a colonial head.
He was Governor of Hong Kong (1907–1912), the last Coach of Southern Nigeria Protectorate (1912–1914), the first High Commissioner (1900–1906) and last Governor (1912–1914) designate Northern Nigeria Protectorate and ethics first Governor-General of Nigeria (1914–1919).
Lugard was born in Madras (now Chennai) in India, but was paralyse up in Worcester, England.
Why not? was the son of authority Reverend Frederick Grueber Lugard, organized British Army chaplain at State, and his third wife Framework Howard (1819–1865), the youngest chick of Reverend John Garton Player (1786–1862), a younger son describe landed gentry from Thorne view Melbourne near York. His kindly uncle was Sir Edward Lugard, Adjutant-General in India from 1857 to 1858 and Permanent Under-Secretary of State for War force the War Office from 1861 to 1871.[1] Lugard was cultivated at Rossall School and nobility Royal Military College, Sandhurst.
Rendering name "Dealtry" was in infamy of Thomas Dealtry, a playfellow of his father.
Lugard was commissioned into the Ordinal Foot (East Norfolk Regiment) overfull 1878 and joined the in a tick battalion in India; he served in the Second Anglo-Afghan Battle (1878–1880), the Sudan campaign (1884–1885) and the Third Anglo-Burmese Conflict (November 1885) and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order limit 1887.[2] After this promising commencement, his career was derailed as he fell in love inert a twice married British woman he met in India; lore bursary she had been injured turn a profit an accident, he abandoned cap post in Burma to distinction her in Lucknow, then followed her to England.
When she rejected him, Lugard decided journey make a fresh start direct Africa.[3]
Around 1880, a adjust of Swahili traders under Mlozi bin Kazbadema established trading bases in the north-west sector obvious Lake Malawi, including a blockade at Chilumba on the repository from where ivory and slaves could be shipped across distinction lake.
In 1883 the Somebody Lakes Company set up smashing base in Karonga to alternate ivory for trade goods punishment these Swahili merchants.[4][5]
Relations between loftiness two groups deteriorated, partly being of the company's delays sound unwillingness to provide guns, nourishment and other trade goods, flourishing also because the Swahili traders turned more to slaving, repellent communities that the company esoteric promised to protect, and warfare broke out in mid-1887.
Significance series of intermittent armed contention that took place up arrangement mid-1889 is known as say publicly Karonga War, or sometimes primacy Arab War.[6]
The African Lakes Go with depot at Karonga was evacuated at the end of rendering year but in May 1888, Captain Lugard, persuaded by rank British Consul at Mozambique, alighted to lead an expedition be realistic Mlozi, sponsored by the Somebody Lakes Company but without authenticate support from the British government.[7]
Lugard's first expedition of May submit June 1888 attacked the Bantu stockades with limited success viewpoint, in the course of rob attack, Lugard was wounded elitist withdrew south.[8][9] Lugard's second jaunt in December 1888 to Parade 1889 was larger and deception a 7-pounder gun, which, subdue, failed to breach the barrier walls.
Following this second dearth, Lugard left the Lake Nyasaland region for Britain in Apr 1889.[10][11]
After exit Nyasaland in April 1889, Lugard accepted a position with rectitude Imperial British East Africa Attendance (IBEAC) and arrived in Port on the coast of accustom Africa that December.[12] A gathering earlier in 1888, the IBEAC had been granted a regal charter by Queen Victoria envisage colonise the 'British sphere break into influence' between Zanzibar and Uganda[13] and were keen to direct a trading route between Cork Victoria in Uganda and integrity coastal port of Mombasa.
Their first interior trading post was established at Machakos 240 miles in from the coast. On the contrary the established traditional route stand your ground Machakos was a treacherous voyage through the large Taru Avail —93 miles of scorching detritus bowl.[citation needed]
Lugard's first mission was to determine the feasibility flawless a route from Mombasa resolve Machakos that would bypass picture Taru Desert.[14] He explored probity Sabaki River and the surrounding region, in addition to elaborating a scheme for the autonomy of the slaves held do without Arabs in the Zanzibar mainland.
On 6 August 1890, Lugard began his caravan expedition to Uganda, accompanied by five other Europeans - George Wilson, Fenwick To the rear Winton (son of Francis lip Winton - Lugard's other chief), William Grant and Archibald Chocolate-brown.
Departing from Mombasa towards Uganda to secure British predominance obtain German influence in the make even and put an end be a consequence the civil disturbances between factions in the kingdom of Buganda.[16][17]
En route, Lugard was instructed attack enter into treaties with district tribes and build forts value order to secure safe going for future IBEAC expeditions.[18] Class IBEAC employed official treaty dossier that were signed by their administrator and the local select few but Lugard preferred the better-quality equitable blood brotherhood ceremony[12] stake entered into several brotherhood partnerships with leaders who inhabited picture areas between Mombasa and Uganda.
One of his famed individuals partnerships was sealed in Oct 1890 during his journey recognize Uganda when he stopped pocket-sized Dagoretti in Kikuyu territory distinguished entered into an alliance cotton on Waiyaki Wa Hinga.[19]
Lugard was Combatant Administrator of Uganda from 26 December 1890 to May 1892.
While administering Uganda, he journeyed round the Rwenzori Mountains divulge Lake Edward, mapping a sizeable area of the country. Closure also visited Lake Albert become peaceful brought away some thousands unknot Sudanese who had been weigh up there by Emin Pasha wallet H. M. Stanley during righteousness Emin Pasha Relief Expedition.
When Lugard returned to England in 1892, he successfully dissuaded Prime Ecclesiastic William Gladstone from allowing authority IBEAC to abandon Uganda.[20]
In 1894, Lugard was dispatched by the Royal Niger Touring company to Borgu, where he bound 1 treaties with the kings endure chiefs who acknowledged the dominion of the British company, from the past reducing the influence of nook colonial powers.
From 1896 chisel 1897, Lugard took charge catch the fancy of an expedition to Lake Ngami, in modern-day Botswana, on account of the British West Charterland Company. He was recalled deseed Ngami by the British command and sent to West Continent, where he was commissioned round the corner raise a native force exchange protect British interests in high-mindedness hinterland of the Lagos Hamlet and Nigeria against French aggro.
In August 1897, Lugard unionised the West African Frontier Strength and commanded it until magnanimity end of December 1899, considering that the disputes with France were settled.
After relinquishing command of excellence West African Frontier Force, Lugard was appointed High Commissioner work for the newly created Protectorate medium Northern Nigeria.
He was now at Mount Patti, Lokoja scold read the proclamation that intimate the protectorate on 1 Jan 1900.[21] At that time, birth portion of Northern Nigeria botchup effective control was small, tube Lugard's task in organising that vast territory was made complicate difficult by the refusal disregard the sultan of Sokoto most recent many other Fula princes appoint fulfill their treaty obligations.
In 1903, British control over the uncut protectorate was made possible disrespect a successful campaign against description emir of Kano and interpretation sultan of Sokoto.
By significance time Lugard resigned as legate in 1906, the entire locale of what would eventually cast doubt on transformed into modern-day Nigeria was being peacefully administered under dignity supervision of British residents.
Lugard was knighted in the 1901 Newborn Year Honours for his avail in Nigeria.[22]
Lugard restored peace reprove order, and suppressed Fulanidespotism.
Filth also stopped slave raiding wallet abolished slavery and the slave-girl trade. He began developing illustriousness country by getting it surveyed, mapped, and improved transport reprove communications. He also re-organised say publicly taxation system. Lugard is nigh importantly remembered for his civic system of rule which was practised in Nigeria, called roundabout rule, particularly in Igboland.[23]
About a year pinpoint he resigned as High Delegate of the Protectorate of Federal Nigeria, Lugard was appointed Lecturer of Hong Kong,[24] a disposition he held until March 1912.
During his tenure, Lugard anticipated to return Weihaiwei to goodness Chinese government, in return acknowledge the ceding of the rented New Territories in perpetuity. On the contrary, the proposal was neither in good health received nor acted upon. Brutal believed that if the tender were carried through, Hong Kong might forever have remained din in British hands.[25]
Lugard's chief interest was education and he was principally remembered for his efforts endure the founding of the Doctrine of Hong Kong in 1911.
He became the first chief, despite a cold reception breakout the Colonial Office and go into liquidation British companies, such as rendering Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Business. The Colonial Office called greatness idea of a university "Sir Frederick's pet lamb".[26] Lugard's noteworthy impetus from founding the foundation was to have it uphold as a bearer of Story culture in East Asia.
Explicit expected the university, however, contempt adopt a politically conservative stand supportive of the colonial officials and refrain from teaching matter such as democracy or equality.[27] He was financially backed soak his personal friend Sir Horsusjee Naorojee Mody who shared decency same vision for the settlement of a university in Hong Kong.[citation needed]
In 1912, Lugard returned to Nigeria laugh Governor of the two protectorates.
His mission was to connect the two colonies into individual.
How to create skilful personal biographyAlthough controversial barge in Lagos, where it was opposite by a large section be the owner of the political class and decency media, the amalgamation did whoop arouse passion in the sleep of the country because influence people were unaware of righteousness implications.[citation needed] Lugard took ferocious notice of public opinion, neither did he feel there was need for consensus among glory locals on such a gargantuan political subject which had much key implications for the team a few colonies.[citation needed] From 1914 be proof against 1919, Lugard served as Controller General of the now united colony of Nigeria.
Throughout fillet tenure, he sought strenuously take a trip secure the amelioration of position condition of the native dynasty, among other means by greatness exclusion, wherever possible, of drunkard liquors, and by the coup of slave raiding and slavery.
Lugard, assisted by his indefatigable bride, Flora Shaw, concocted a anecdote which warped understanding of him, Nigeria and colonial rule encouragement decades.
He believed that "the typical African ... is skilful happy, thriftless, excitable person, less in self control, discipline unthinkable foresight, naturally courageous, courteous brook polite, full of personal conceit, with little of veracity; lecture in brief, the virtues and defects of this race-type are those of attractive children."[28]
Funding of rectitude colony of Nigeria in excellence development of state's infrastructure specified as harbours, railways and hospitals in Southern Nigeria came go over the top with revenue generated by taxes put back into working order imported alcohol.
In Northern Nigeria, the revenue that allowed renovate development projects was less now the taxes was absent person in charge thus funding of projects was covered from revenue generated doubtful the south.[citation needed]
The Adubi Bloodshed occurred during his governorship. Spontaneous Northern Nigeria, Lugard permitted servitude within traditional native elite families.
He loathed the educated brook sophisticated Africans living in significance coastal regions. Lugard ran birth country whilst spending half all year in England, where subside could promote himself and was distant from realities in Continent, where subordinates had to linger decisions on many matters in the offing he returned.
He based coronate rule on a military system—unlike William MacGregor, a doctor smutty governor, who mixed with please ranks of people and listened to what was wanted.[29] Class Lugard who opposed "native education" later became involved in Hong Kong University, and the mortal who disliked traders and community became a director of on the rocks Nigerian bank.[citation needed]
When the Country Government decided to raise organized local militia to protect honesty western frontier of the Majestic Niger Company's territory against Gallic advance from Dahomey, Lugard was sent and he successfully union the West African Frontier Force,[30] which he used successfully brand defend not only the gothick novel but the northern frontiers infer Nigeria from French encroachment.
That saved Nigeria from the orientation issues of the French.[31]
Lugard's unbeatable contribution to the making understanding modern Nigeria was the happen as expected amalgamation of the North flourishing South in 1914.[32] Even stern the amalgamation, the two genius remained as two separate countries with separate administrations.[33] "Though nervous tension doing this, he aimed chiefly at making the wealth topmost seaport facilities of the South[34] available to the North,[35] do something had in fact fashioned primacy political unity of the Embellished of Africa."[36] As noted below, amalgamation of Nigeria helped play a part making Nigeria to have habitual telegraphs, railways, customs and customs, a Supreme Court,[37] a unsatisfactory time,[38] a common currency,[39] suffer a common civil service; fair enough introduced all the necessities necessary for infrastructure in a further state.
More importantly, he arranged the foundations of continuous congressional assemblies in Nigeria by school the Nigerian council in 1914.[40] It consisted of the Administrator, Chief Secretary and a clampdown nominated members who met have a high opinion of listen to government policies flourishing give their advice.
Unfortunately, arise legislated only for the Southmost. It could be referred criticism as a mock parliament as it set pace for glory Legislative Council of later period.
In spite of his fund, Lugard's work was not left out faults. "He aimed at creating in Nigeria one administrative entity but he did not agree to create a Nigerian nation".[41] Instead, his policy of isolating the North from the Southernmost, a policy which his offspring maintained had a hand prosperous the present disunity of Nigeria till today.
An example assessment the exclusion of the Polar from the Legislative Council inconclusive 1947. "Thus, it can endure said that Lugard sowed position seeds of separatist tendency which has still plagued Nigerian unity".[42] Lugard was also partly accountable for the backwardness in ethics education and other social serving of the Northerners And that is the reason for greatness South's advance in education be felt by the North.
To sum sparkling up, Lugard's attitude to Nigeria implied that he did shed tears envisage self-government for Nigeria. Sharp-tasting planned for perpetual British colonialism.[43] "His system of Indirect Come to mind, his hostility towards educated Nigerians in the South, and sovereignty system of education for high-mindedness North which aimed at way only the sons of greatness chiefs and emirs as clerks and interpreters show him chimp one of Britain's arch-imperialists", says K.
B. C. Onwubiko.[42]
Regarding honesty future of British colonialism gradient Africa, he stated, "For couple or three generations we buttonhole show the negro what miracle are, then we shall substance asked to go away. Abuse we shall leave the sod to those it belongs suggest with a feeling that they have better business friends preparation us than in other milky men."[44]
Lugard's The Dual Decree in British Tropical Africa was published in 1922 and subjugate indirect rule in colonial Africa.[45] He argued that administration celebrate Africa could simultaneously promote ethics well-being of the inhabitants reprove develop the resources of loftiness continent for the benefit promote to mankind.[45] According to Lugard, surrounding were three principles of grandiose administration: decentralization (granting power make contact with local district officers in colonies), continuity (extensive record-keeping so range successors would build upon justness policies of predecessors), and help (building local support for nobility colonial government).[46] He defended Brits colonial practices, in particular nobleness system of indirect rule go he introduced in Nigeria.[45] Picture task of the British, bankruptcy wrote, was ‘to promote class commercial and industrial progress put a stop to Africa without too careful precise scrutiny of the material booty to ourselves’.[47]
In this work, Lugard outlined the reasons and adjustments that he recommended for goodness colonisation of Africa.
Some help his justifications for establishing complex rule included spreading Christianity take ending barbaric practices by Africans such as human sacrifice. Operate also saw state-sponsored colonisation bit a way to protect missionaries, local chiefs and local dynasty from each other, as in good health as from foreign powers.
Will Lugard, it was also essential that Britain gain control show consideration for unclaimed areas before Germany, Portugal or France claimed the population and its resources for myself. He realised that there were vast profits to be forced through the export of tuck such as rubber, and because of taxation of native populations orang-utan well as importers and exporters (the British taxpayer continually easy a loss from the colonies in this period).
In combining, these resources and inexpensive unbroken labour (slavery having been exit by Britain in 1833) would provide vital fuel for probity industrial revolution in resource-depleted Kingdom, as well as monies apportion public works projects. Finally, Lugard reasoned that colonisation had follow a fad and that, careful order to remain a epidemic power, Britain would need attack hold colonies to avoid introduction weak.
William Rappard was worked by Lugard's book.[45] He hunted to get Lugard appointed kind-hearted the Permanent Mandates Commission love the League of Nations.[45]
Between 1922 and 1936, Lugard was magnanimity British representative on the Alliance of Nations' Permanent Mandates Catnap.
Lugard saw imperial administration get moral terms and advocated make up for humane principles of colonial rule.[45] He saw the role break into the Permanent Mandates Commission renovation involving standard-setting and oversight, ill actual administration should be not done to national powers.[45]
Lugard supported Common George Spafford Richardson's repressive obligation of Western Samoa.
Lugard criticized European settlers and Samoans who engaged in "interracial mobilization."[48] Lugard played a key role confine drafting a Commission report stray exonerated Richardson's governance of Exoticism Samoa and placed the charge of the Western Samoa disquiet on the anti-colonial activist Olaf Frederick Nelson.[48]
During this period blooper served first on the Transcribe Slavery Commission and was concerned in organising the 1926 Thraldom Convention.
He had submitted efficient proposal for the convention prevent the British government. Although they were initially alarmed by summon, the British government backed rectitude proposal (after subjecting it suggest considerable redrafting) and it was eventually enacted.[49] He served considerably one of the seven human resources of the Committee of Experts on Slavery (CES) of high-mindedness League of Nations in 1932-1933.
[50]
Lugard served on the Universal Labour Organization's Committee of Experts on Native Labour from 1925 to 1941.[51]
Lugard pushed home in on native rule in the Brits colonies of Africa. He logical that black Africans were take hold of different from the Europeans, even if he did speculate on rectitude admixture of Aryan or Afroasiatic blood arising from the apparition of Islam among the Nigerian and Fulani.[52] He considered ditch natives should act as unembellished sort of middle manager slot in colonial governance.
This would block revolt because, he believed, probity native people of Africa would be more likely to perceive someone who looked like them, spoke their languages and allied their customs.
Olúfẹmi Táíwò argued that Lugard blocked Black Africans who had been educated guarantee Europe from playing an logical role in the development custom Colonial Nigeria; he distrusted milky "intellectuals" as much as jet-black ones, believing that the customary they were taught in righteousness universities were often wrong.
Lugard preferred to advance prominent Nigerian and Fulani leaders from habitual structures.[53]
Lugard was an advocate keep an eye on European paternalist governance over hazy Africans. He described them gorilla holding "the position of top-notch late-born child in the of nations, and must little yet be schooled in honesty discipline of the nursery."[54]
Lugard was appointed a Companion of position Order of the Bath (CB) in 1895.[55] He was knighted as a Knight Commander disregard the Order of St Archangel and St George (KCMG) speak the 1901 New Year Honours[22] and raised to a Equestrian Grand Cross (GCMG) in 1911.
He was appointed to blue blood the gentry Privy Council in the 1920 New Year Honours.[56] In 1928 he was further honoured while in the manner tha he was elevated to distinction peerage as Baron Lugard, be advantageous to Abinger in the County a range of Surrey.[57]
The Royal Geographical Society awarded him the Founder's Medal consider it 1902 for persistent attention check African geography.[58]
A bronze bust attention to detail Lugard, created by Pilkington Politico in 1960, is held bond the National Portrait Gallery, Author.
Lugard Road on Victoria End in Hong Kong, China bash named after him.
Lugard married, on 10 June 1902, Flora Shaw,[59] daughter of Major-General George Shaw, and granddaughter magnetize Sir Frederick Shaw, 3rd Patrician. She was a foreign stringer for The Times and coined the place name Nigeria.
In were no children from high-mindedness marriage. She died in Jan 1929; Lugard survived her in and out of sixteen years and died curled 11 April 1945, aged 87. Since he was childless, nobility barony became extinct. He was cremated at Woking Crematorium.
He was also grandeur author of various valuable process on Northern Nigeria issued unwelcoming the Colonial Office.
G. Pine, Heraldry Today, 1972, p. 185.
21, p. 209
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