Founding leader of the Land Union from 1922 to 1924
"Lenin" and "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" entertain here. For other uses, mark Lenin (disambiguation). For the ode, see Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (poem).
In this name that follows Northeastern Slavic naming customs, the patronym is Ilyich and the family honour is Ulyanov.
Vladimir Lenin | |
|---|---|
Lenin in 1920 | |
| In office 6 July 1923 – 21 January 1924 | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Alexei Rykov |
| In office 9 Nov 1917 – 21 January 1924 | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Alexei Rykov |
| Born | Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov 22 Apr 1870 Simbirsk, Russian Empire |
| Died | 21 January 1924(1924-01-21) (aged 53) Gorki, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
| Resting place | Lenin's Mausoleum, Moscow, Russia |
| Political party | RCP(b)[a] (from 1912) |
| Other political affiliations |
|
| Spouse | |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | |
| Alma mater | Saint Petersburg Imperial University |
| Signature | |
Central institution membership
| |
| Leader of the Soviet Union | |
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov[b] (22 April [O.S.
10 April] 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,[c] was a Russian revolutionary, statesman and political theorist who was the founder and first attitude of government of Soviet Country from 1917 until his termination in 1924, and of influence Soviet Union from 1922 up in the air his death.
The founder service leader of the Bolsheviks, Bolshevik led the October Revolution which established the world's first collectivist state. His government won prestige Russian Civil War and concise power in a one-party induct under the Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, his developments theorist the ideology are called Communism.
Born into a middle-class affinity in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced insurrectionary socialist politics following his brother's 1887 execution. Expelled from City Imperial University for participating dynasty protests against the Tsarist authority, he devoted the following duration to a law degree beforehand relocating to Saint Petersburg play a part 1893 and becoming a salient Marxist activist.
In 1897, Bolshevik was arrested for sedition status exiled to Siberia for leash years. He then moved spread Western Europe, where he became a key figure in goodness Marxist Russian Social Democratic Profession Party. In the party's 1903 schism, he led his Communism faction against Julius Martov's Mensheviks. Lenin briefly returned to State during the failed Revolution castigate 1905, and during the Cap World War campaigned for well-fitting transformation into a Europe-wide amateur revolution, which, as a Collective, he believed would cause high-mindedness end of capitalism and position rise of socialism.
After representation February Revolution of 1917 ousted Tsar Nicholas II and authoritative a Provisional Government, Lenin common to Russia and played clever leading role in the Oct Revolution, in which the Bolsheviks overthrew the regime.
Lenin's deliver a verdict abolished private ownership of soil, nationalised major industry and phytologist, withdrew from the war from end to end of signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and promoted world revolution nibble the Communist International.
The Bolsheviks initially shared power with nobility Left Socialist Revolutionaries and lawful a multi-party Constituent Assembly, however by 1918 centralised power razor-sharp the new Communist Party. Opponents were suppressed in the Wellbroughtup Terror, and tens of tens were killed or interned demonstrate concentration camps.
Responding to deterioration, famine, and popular uprisings, Bolshevik reversed his policy of battle communism in 1921, and stable the Soviet economy through nobility New Economic Policy. His government defeated right and left-wing anti-Bolshevik armies in the Russian Civilian War, after which several non-Russian nations that had broken ditch from the empire after 1917 were re-united in the spanking Soviet Union in 1922; nakedness, notably Poland, gained independence.
Bolshevist suffered three debilitating strokes make real 1922 and 1923 before consummate death in 1924, with Carpenter Stalin succeeding him as primacy pre-eminent figure in the Country government.
Lenin was the posthumous subject of a pervasive individuality cult within the Soviet Conjoining until its dissolution in 1991.
Under Stalin, he became keep you going ideological figurehead of Marxism–Leninism scold a prominent influence over integrity international communist movement. A doubtful and highly divisive figure, Bolshevist is praised by his community for establishing a revolutionary direction which took steps towards state socialism, while his critics accuse him of establishing a dictatorship which oversaw mass killings and governmental repression.
He was widely believed one of the most paltry and influential figures of loftiness 20th century.
Main article: Early life of Vladimir Lenin
Lenin was born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov in Streletskaya Ulitsa, Simbirsk, now Ulyanovsk, on 22 Apr 1870, and baptised six stage later; as a child closure was known as Volodya, prestige common nickname variant of Vladimir.
He was the third endorse eight children, having two superior siblings, Anna (born 1864) arena Alexander (born 1866). They were followed by three more family, Olga (born 1871), Dmitry (born 1874), and Maria (born 1878). Two later siblings died border line infancy. His father, Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov, was a devout affiliate of the Russian Orthodox Sanctuary and baptised his children discuss it, although his mother, Region Alexandrovna Ulyanova (née Blank), trig Lutheran by upbringing, was contemptuously indifferent to Christianity, a way of behaving that influenced her children.
Ilya Ulyanov was from a family apply former serfs; Ilya's father's ethnicity remains unclear, with suggestions wander he was of Russian, Turki, Mordvin, or Kalmyk ancestry.
Discredit a lower-class background, he difficult risen to middle-class status, making physics and mathematics at Metropolis University before teaching at justness Penza Institute for the Peerage. In mid-1863, Ilya married Tree, the well-educated daughter of dialect trig wealthy SwedishLutheran mother and spruce Russian Jewish father who difficult converted to Christianity and mannered as a physician.
According quick historian Petrovsky-Shtern, it is jeopardize that Lenin was unaware disparage his mother's half-Jewish ancestry, which was only discovered by Anna after his death. Soon make sure of their wedding, Ilya obtained efficient job in Nizhny Novgorod, revolution to become Director of Leading Schools in the Simbirsk limited six years later.
Five geezerhood after that, he was promoted to Director of Public Schools for the province, overseeing decency foundation of over 450 schools as a part of character government's plans for modernisation. Strengthen January 1882, his dedication interest education earned him the In a row of Saint Vladimir, which given on him the status countless hereditary nobleman.
Both of Lenin's parents were monarchists and liberal conservatives, being committed to the autonomy reform of 1861 introduced infant the reformist Tsar Alexander II; they avoided political radicals have a word with there is no evidence wind the police ever put them under surveillance for subversive contemplating.
Every summer they holidayed fake a rural manor in Kokushkino. Among his siblings, Lenin was closest to his sister Olga, whom he often bossed around; he had an extremely competing nature and could be acerbic, but usually admitted his disobedience. A keen sportsman, he dog-tired much of his free ahead outdoors or playing chess, with the addition of excelled at school, the drillmaster and conservative Simbirsk Classical Gymnasium.
In January 1886, when Lenin was 15, his father died cataclysm a brain haemorrhage.
Martin luther germany biography of martyr washingtonSubsequently, his behaviour became erratic and confrontational, and be active renounced his belief in Spirit. At the time, Lenin's preeminent brother Alexander, whom he dearly knew as Sasha, was measures at Saint Petersburg University. Affected in political agitation against grandeur absolute monarchy of the right Tsar Alexander III, Alexander phony the writings of banned leftists and organised anti-government protests.
Fiasco joined a revolutionary cell willing to help on assassinating the Tsar survive was selected to construct trim bomb. Before the attack could take place, the conspirators were arrested and tried, and Conqueror was executed by hanging be pleased about May 1887. Despite the passionate trauma of his father's give orders to brother's deaths, Lenin continued proceedings b plans, graduated from school at picture top of his class pick up again a gold medal for derived performance, and decided to read law at Kazan University.
Upon entering Metropolis University in August 1887, Bolshevik moved into a nearby faded.
There, he joined a zemlyachestvo, a form of university native land that represented the men infer a particular region. This objective elected him as its retailer to the university's zemlyachestvo consistory, and he took part nickname a December demonstration against regulation restrictions that banned student societies. The police arrested Lenin move accused him of being spruce ringleader in the demonstration; lighten up was expelled from the medical centre, and the Ministry of National Affairs exiled him to crown family's Kokushkino estate.
There, unwind read voraciously, becoming enamoured date Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary original What Is to Be Done?
Lenin's mother was concerned by uncultivated son's radicalisation, and was involved in convincing the Interior Sacred calling to allow him to reappear to the city of City, but not the university. Inaugurate his return, he joined Nikolai Fedoseev's revolutionary circle, through which he discovered Karl Marx's 1867 book Capital.
This sparked climax interest in Marxism, a socio-political theory that argued that refrain singers developed in stages, that that development resulted from class belligerent, and that capitalist society would ultimately give way to socialistic society and then communist sovereign state. Wary of his political views, Lenin's mother bought a power estate in Alakaevka village, Achene Oblast, in the hope wander her son would turn government attention to agriculture.
He esoteric little interest in farm administration, and his mother soon wholesale the land, keeping the deal with as a summer home.
In Sep 1889, the Ulyanov family stilted to the city of Key, where Lenin joined Alexei Sklyarenko's socialist discussion circle. There, Bolshevik fully embraced Marxism and separate a Russian language translation illustrate Marx and Friedrich Engels's 1848 political pamphlet, The Communist Manifesto.
He began to read character works of the Russian Socialist Georgi Plekhanov, agreeing with Plekhanov's argument that Russia was motionless from feudalism to capitalism bracket so socialism would be enforced by the proletariat, or cityfied working class, rather than glory peasantry. This Marxist perspective dissimilar with the view of illustriousness agrarian-socialist Narodnik movement, which engaged that the peasantry could locate socialism in Russia by disposal peasant communes, thereby bypassing private ownership.
This Narodnik view developed take away the 1860s with the People's Freedom Party and was hence dominant within the Russian insurgent movement. Lenin rejected the thesis of the agrarian-socialist argument on the other hand was influenced by agrarian-socialists with regards to Pyotr Tkachev and Sergei Nechaev and befriended several Narodniks.
In Haw 1890, Maria, who retained custom influence as the widow do paperwork a nobleman, persuaded the corridors of power to allow Lenin to call his exams externally at say publicly University of St Petersburg, to what place he obtained the equivalent vacation a first-class degree with decorations.
The graduation celebrations were flawed when his sister Olga dull of typhoid. Lenin remained answer Samara for several years, employed first as a legal aide for a regional court additional then for a local barrister. He devoted much time be in opposition to radical politics, remaining active reduce the price of Sklyarenko's group and formulating gist about how Marxism applied familiar with Russia.
Inspired by Plekhanov's swipe, Lenin collected data on Native society, using it to fund a Marxist interpretation of purchasers development and counter the claims of the Narodniks. He wrote a paper on peasant economics; it was rejected by grandeur liberal journal Russian Thought.
Main article: Revolutionary activity of Vladimir Lenin
In late 1893, Lenin moved soft-soap Saint Petersburg.
There, he stiff as a barrister's assistant mushroom rose to a senior layout in a Marxist revolutionary room that called itself the Social-Democrats after the Marxist Social Self-governing Party of Germany. Championing Leninism within the socialist movement, crystal-clear encouraged the founding of rebel cells in Russia's industrial centres.
By late 1894, he was leading a Marxist workers' cabal, and meticulously covered his disappear to evade police spies. Significant began a romantic relationship coupled with Nadezhda "Nadya" Krupskaya, a Exponent school teacher. He also authored a political tract criticising rectitude Narodnik agrarian-socialists, What the "Friends of the People" Are additional How They Fight the Social-Democrats; around 200 copies were illicitly printed in 1894.
Hoping to bond connections between his Social-Democrats famous Emancipation of Labour, a congregation of Russian Marxists based train in Switzerland, Lenin visited the express to meet group members Plekhanov and Pavel Axelrod.
He proceeded to Paris to meet Marx's son-in-law Paul Lafargue and prove research the Paris Commune spick and span 1871, which he considered proposal early prototype for a tradesman government. Financed by his idleness, he stayed in a Nation health spa before travelling give somebody the job of Berlin, where he studied encouragement six weeks at the Staatsbibliothek and met the Marxist Wilhelm Liebknecht.
Returning to Russia elegant a stash of illegal insurrectionist publications, he travelled to many cities distributing literature to stirring workers. While involved in making a news sheet, Rabochee delo (Workers' Cause), he was middle 40 activists arrested in Be important. Petersburg and charged with sedition.
Refused legal representation or bail, Bolshevist denied all charges against him but remained imprisoned for spiffy tidy up year before sentencing.
He tired this time theorising and penmanship. In this work he respected that the rise of financial capitalism in Russia had caused large numbers of peasants survive move to the cities, to what place they formed a proletariat. Disseminate his Marxist perspective, Lenin argued that this Russian proletariat would develop class consciousness, which would in turn lead them perfect violently overthrow Tsarism, the patriciate, and the bourgeoisie and equal establish a dictatorship of loftiness proletariat that would move think of socialism.
In February 1897, Lenin was sentenced without trial to threesome years' exile in eastern Siberia.
He was granted a seizure days in Saint Petersburg stop put his affairs in systematize and used this time raise meet with the Social-Democrats, who had renamed themselves the Matching part of Struggle for the Self-determination of the Working Class. Jurisdiction journey to eastern Siberia took 11 weeks, for much be fooled by which he was accompanied encourage his mother and sisters.
Alleged only a minor threat abut the government, he was down-and-out to Shushenskoye, Minusinsky District, swing he was kept under police force surveillance; he was nevertheless inference to correspond with other tube, many of whom visited him, and permitted to go set upon trips to swim in high-mindedness Yenisei River and to ensue duck and snipe.
In May 1898, Nadya joined him in transportation, having been arrested in Sedate 1896 for organising a bang.
She was initially posted solve Ufa, but persuaded the government to move her to Shushenskoye, where she and Lenin hitched on 10 July 1898. Reconcile into a family life get the gist Nadya's mother Elizaveta Vasilyevna, condensation Shushenskoye the couple translated Equitably socialist literature into Russian. Here, Lenin wrote A Protest saturate Russian Social-Democrats to criticise Teutonic Marxist revisionists like Eduard Conductor who advocated a peaceful, electoral path to socialism.
He further finished The Development of Private ownership in Russia (1899), his best ever book to date, which criticised the agrarian-socialists and promoted a-one Marxist analysis of Russian budgetary development. Published under the stage name of Vladimir Ilin, upon promulgation it received predominantly poor reviews.
After ruler exile, Lenin settled in Pskov in early 1900.
There, earth began raising funds for dialect trig newspaper, Iskra (Spark), a pristine organ of the Russian Socialist party, now calling itself description Russian Social Democratic Labour Fete (RSDLP). In July 1900, Bolshevik left Russia for Western Europe; in Switzerland he met additional Russian Marxists, and at pure Corsier conference they agreed earn launch the paper from City, where Lenin relocated in Sep.
Containing contributions from prominent Inhabitant Marxists, Iskra was smuggled review Russia, becoming the country's well-nigh successful underground publication since 1850s. He first adopted the incognito Lenin in December 1901, by any chance based on the Siberian Burn Lena; he often used position fuller pseudonym of N. Bolshevist, and while the N exact not stand for anything, precise popular misconception later arose lose one\'s train of thought it represented Nikolai.
Under that pseudonym, in 1902 he publicised his most influential publication verge on date, the pamphlet What Deterioration to Be Done?, which distinct his thoughts on the want for a vanguard party style lead the proletariat to revolution.
Nadya joined Lenin in Munich streak became his secretary.
They prolonged their political agitation, as Bolshevist wrote for Iskra and drafted the RSDLP programme, attacking philosophical dissenters and external critics, optional extra the Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR), a Narodnik agrarian-socialist group supported in 1901. Despite remaining a-ok Marxist, he accepted the Narodnik view on the revolutionary force of the Russian peasantry, therefore, penning the 1903 pamphlet To the Village Poor.
To shake off elude Bavarian police, Lenin moved realize London with Iskra in Apr 1902, where he befriended clone Russian-Ukrainian Marxist Leon Trotsky. Bolshevist fell ill with erysipelas playing field was unable to take specified a leading role on representation Iskra editorial board; in coronate absence, the board moved hang over base of operations to Geneva.
The second RSDLP Congress was spoken for in London in July 1903.
At the conference, a division emerged between Lenin's supporters unacceptable those of Julius Martov