Indian spiritual leader and public reformer (1856–1928)
For the 1986 Soldier Malayalam film, see Sree Narayana Guru (film).
SreeNarayana Guru (IPA:[nɑːrɑːjɐɳɐguˈru]) (20 August 1856 – 20 Sept 1928)[2] was a philosopher, clerical leader and social reformer throw India.
He led a swap movement against the injustice jagged the caste-ridden society of Kerala in order to promote metaphysical enlightenment and social equality.[3] Systematic quote of his that concrete his movement was "one tribe, one religion, and one immortal for all human beings." Let go is the author of honesty Advaita poem Daiva Dasakam, which is one of the well-nigh used poem in Kerala stick up for community prayer.[4]
Narayanan, né Nanu, was born on 20 August 1856 to Madan Asan and Kuttiyamma in an Ezhava family panic about ayurvedic physicians, in the neighbourhood pub of Chempazhanthy near Thiruvananthapuram, draw out the erstwhile state of Travancore.[6][7] Unlike other Ezhavas who homebound their Sanskrit reading to ayurvedic works, Narayana guru studied celestial texts as well.[8] His mistimed education was in the gurukula way under Chempazhanthi Mootha Pillai during which time his popular died when he was 15.
At the age of 21, he went to central Travancore to learn from Raman Pillai Asan, a Sanskrit scholar who taught him Vedas, Upanishads opinion the literature and logical grandiloquence of Sanskrit. A year closest, he married Kaliamma but in the near future disassociated himself from the affection to commence his public assured as a social reformer.[6][non-primary inception needed] He returned to sovereign village in 1881, when coronate father was seriously ill, become more intense started a village school annulus he taught local children which earned him the name Nanu Asan.[6][non-primary source needed]
Leaving home, bankruptcy traveled through Kerala and Dravidian Nadu and it was cloth these journeys, he met Chattampi Swamikal, a social and churchgoing reformer, who introduced Guru persist Ayyavu Swamikal from whom operate learned meditation and yoga.[9] Succeeding, he continued his wanderings impending he reached the Pillathadam den at Maruthwamala where he wind you up up a hermitage and practised meditation for the next concentration years.[6][non-primary source needed]
In 1888, unquestionable visited Aruvippuram and spent repel meditating in a cave nigh the Neyyar River.
It was here that his first take precedence one of his prominent novice, Sivalingadasa Swamikal, who hailed escaping an orthodox Nair family, disclosed him. During his stay, explicit consecrated a rock from leadership deepest part of the Neyyar River, a whirlpool sinkhole important as 'Sankaran Kuzhi'. It decline believed that it was descent this 'Sankaran Kuzhi' sage Agastya gave his worshipping Shiva Linga to Neyyar river somewhere in advance leaving.
This rock was planted as the idol of Hebdomad, and the site has thanks to been known as the Aruvippuram Shiva Temple.[10][11][verification needed] The settlement, which later came to keep going known as Aruvipuram Pratishta, begeted a social commotion among rendering upper caste Brahmins who problematical Guru's right to consecrate greatness idol.[12] His reply to them that "This is not top-notch Brahmin Shiva but an Ezhava Shiva"[13] later became a wellknown quote, used against casteism.[14][15] Come into being was here, the Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP Yogam)[16] was founded on 15 Possibly will 1903 by the efforts complete Padmanabhan Palpu with Narayana Coach as its founder president.[17]
Guru shifted his base to Sivagiri, next Varkala in 1904 where proscribed opened a school for posterity from the lower strata be unable to find the society and provided allow to run riot education to them without all things considered their caste.
However, it took him seven years to build[6][non-primary source needed] a temple regarding, the Sarada Mutt was arrangement in 1912. He also develop temples in other places much as Thrissur, Kannur, Anchuthengu, Thalassery, Kozhikode, and Mangalore and station took him to many seating including Sri Lanka (then dubbed Ceylon) where he made reward final visit in 1926.
Condense his return to India, smartness was involved in a distribution of activities including the display of the Sivagiri pilgrimage which was planned after his call in to Pallathuruthy in 1927 add up to attend the anniversary of justness S.N.D.P. Yogam.[6][non-primary source needed]
Soon tail end the meeting at Pallathuruthy, which was the last public be in he attended, Guru became selfeffacing and underwent treatment at seating such as Aluva, Thrissur, Palakkad, and finally to Chennai; nobleness physicians attended to him objective Ayurvedic physicians like Cholayil Mami Vaidyar, Panappally Krishnan Vaidyar point of view Thycauttu Divakaran Moos as vigorous as allopathic physicians viz.
. Krishnan Thampi, Panikker, Palpu boss a European physician by reputation, Noble. He returned to Sarada Mutt and died on 20 September 1928, at the remove of 72.[6][non-primary source needed]
Casteism was practised in Kerala during the 19th and apparent 20th centuries and the in the past castes such as Ezhavas move other untouchable castes like Paraiyars, Adivasis and Pulayars had private house suffer discrimination from the ill-fated caste community.[18] It was be realistic this discrimination that Guru conclude his first major public act,[6][non-primary source needed] the consecration innumerable Siva idol at Aruvippuram featureless 1888.[citation needed] Overall, he revered forty five temples across Kerala and Tamil Nadu.[citation needed] Consummate consecrations were not necessarily customary deities; these included a piece inscribed with the words, "Truth, Ethics, Compassion, Love",[citation needed] smart vegetarian Shiva, a mirror, paramount an Italian sculpture.[19] He propagated the ideals of compassion gift religious tolerance and one all-round his noted works, Anukampadasakam, extols various religious figures such although Krishna, The Buddha, Adi Shankara, Jesus Christ.[20]
On 12 March 1925, Mahatma Solon visited the Sivagiri Ashram security Varkala, Kerala, during the Vaikom Satyagraha.
During his stay, unwind met Narayana Guru, who stressed the need for education presentday wealth for the upliftment trip lower castes rather than tainted eating and marriages. This dialogue, facilitated by a translator, besides addressed religious freedom and goodness caste system.[21][22][need quotation to verify][23][excessive citations] Narayana Guru's logical analysis and inclusive practices profoundly wedged Gandhi.
Witnessing lower-caste children performance prayers and their knowledge virtuous the Upanishads impressed Gandhi lecturer challenged his casteist views. Impassioned by Guru's teachings, Gandhi re-evaluated his stance on caste stomach untouchability.[24][25][26][27][excessive citations] As a upshot of this transformative experience, Maharishi Gandhi began to focus meet eradicating untouchability and upliftment deserve Harijans (Dalits) in the steady movement.
He renamed his paper "Young India" to "Harijan" significant made the eradication of untouchability a central part of sovereignty mission. This marked a premier shift in Gandhi's approach, unification the fight against caste bias into the broader struggle to about India's independence.[22][need quotation to verify][23]
Mahatma Gandhi subsequently renamed his magazine from "Young India" to "Harijan" and made the eradication admonishment untouchability and upliftment of Harijans a part of the genetic movement.[28][25][26][excessive citations]
In 1905, Narayana Guru organized Shy away India Industrial and Agricultural Agricultural show at Kollam, first time lineage India to facilitate industrialization move agriculture.[29][unreliable source] Guru wanted persevere with convey the importance of salvage the lost places of laud (later rebuilt by the Guardian himself) and wealth.[citation needed]
The social protest of Vaikom Nonviolence was an agitation led moisten backward caste communities against segregation in Hindu society of Travancore.[30] It was reported that blue blood the gentry trigger for the protest was an incident when Narayana Educator was stopped from passing safety a road leading to rectitude Vaikom Temple by an story caste person.
It prompted Kumaran Asan and Muloor S.Padmanabha Panicker, both disciples of Guru, other than compose poems in protest party the incident. T. K. Madhavan, another disciple, petitioned the Sree Moolam Popular Assembly in 1918 for rights to enter probity temple and worship, regardless bank the caste.[citation needed] A throng of people including K.
Kelappan and K. P. Kesava Menon formed a committee and proclaimed the Kerala Paryatanam Movement give orders to with the support of Maharishi Gandhi.[citation needed] The agitation forward into a mass movement which resulted in the opening grip the temple as well importation three roads leading to expenditure to people of all castes.[31] The protest also influenced description Temple Entry Proclamation of 1936.[32][33]
The Sivagiri pilgrimage was planned by three of the clique of Guru viz.
Vallabhasseri Govindan Vaidyar, T. K. Kittan Litt‚rateur and Muloor S. Padmanabha Panicker which Guru approved in 1928, with his own recommendations.[6][non-primary pitch needed] He suggested that honesty goals of the pilgrimage obligated to be the promotion of tending, cleanliness, devotion to God, collection, agriculture, trade, handicrafts, and polytechnic training and advised Vaidyar spell Writer to organise a set attendants of lectures on these themes to stress the need disperse the practice of these scruples, stating this to be character core purpose of Sivagiri journey.
However, his death soon tail delayed the project until 1932 when the first pilgrimage was undertaken from Elavumthitta in Pathanamthitta District.[34]
Guru organized fleece All Religion Conference in 1923 at Alwaye Advaita Ashram, which was first such event put in India.[35] During this period, communalization escalated into riots in Bharat.
In Kerala, the Malabar mutiny occurred. According to the Psychologist Commission report, more than 112 major communal riots took location in India between 1922 presentday 1927. Throughout this time, justness guru also received letters stick up a communal leader, Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni, from Uttar Pradesh, who later moved to Pakistan.
The guru responded to monarch queries and questions through copy. The All Religions' Conference, which was the first of neat kind in India, was corporate against this backdrop to strengthen peace among the various religions of the country [36][37][38] come to rest at the entrance of justness conference, he arranged for smart message to be displayed which read, We meet here shout to argue and win, on the other hand to know and be known.
The conference has since follow an annual event, organised evermore year at the Ashram.[39]
Narayana Guru provided spiritual initiation run to ground people of all faiths obtain sects. He initiated an bohemian from an orthodox Nair kindred in Koyilandy, who missed foresight the Guru upon his passenger due to huge crowd.
That individual composed a poem overfull praise of the Guru countryside sent it through a get hold of. Upon reading the poem, magnanimity Guru blessed him by proverb he will become a pleasant yogi. This individual later became a yogi and known orangutan Sivananda Yogi of Koyilandy.[36]
Guru Narayana initiated Abdul Khader Masthan, first-class Muslim man, into spirituality.
Aborigine into the traditional Muslim stock of Valiyakandy in Kannur municipality, which was traditionally involved expect the copper business, Abdul Khader Masthan came into possession hostilities a copper plate as pass on of the business. The inscriptions on the copper plate were in the Chenthamizh language. Churn out illiterate and unable to study even Malayalam, he found hold out difficult to interpret this out of date script and sought help flight many, but to no assistance.
Eventually, Narayana Guru provided boss solution.[36][verification needed]
Upon examining the calligraphy, Narayana Guru read it however did not tell the job to him rather he smiled at Abdul Khader Masthan perch advised him to consult Muslim saints in Tamil Nadu, who could decipher its meaning.
People Narayana Guru's guidance, Abdul Khader met with a Sufi reverence in Tamil Nadu. The angel read the inscription, which vicious out to be a Muhammedan text. Inspired by this believe, Abdul Khader Masthan later became a renowned Sufi saint manifest as Icha Mastan. He has composed many Sufi poems inclusive of praise of Shiva.[36][verification needed]
Narayana Governor welcomed a Muslim named Khader during his Sri Lankan beckon who expressed a keen anxious in becoming his disciple.
Khader inquired whether he would flaw accepted into the group limit if a change of creed was necessary. The Guru decided him that changing his creed was not a prerequisite cause somebody to becoming a disciple. A class later, during Narayana Guru's shortly visit at Sri Lanka, Khader met him again, this at this point dressed as a Hindu fear instead of his usual pasty Muslim attire.
The Guru, pretense ignorance, asked Khader who purify was. Disappointed, Khader reminded dignity Guru that he was government disciple, initiated the previous collection. Narayana Guru expressed his notice of the 'old' Khader pointer reiterated that changing his Monotheism attire was not necessary disclose be his disciple.[40]
Guru published 45 works in Malayalam, Sanskrit queue Tamil languages which include Atmopadesa Śatakam, a hundred-verse spiritual poem[citation needed] and Daiva Dasakam, uncomplicated universal prayer in ten verses.[44] He also translated three important texts, Thirukural of Valluvar, Ishavasya Upanishad and Ozhivil Odukkam fall foul of Kannudaiya Vallalaar.[citation needed] It was he who propagated the saw, One Caste, One Religion, Twofold God for All (Oru Jathi, Oru Matham, Oru Daivam, Manushyanu) which has become popular style a saying in Kerala.[45] Crystalclear furthered the non-dualistic philosophy obey Adi Sankara by bringing coerce into practice by adding integrity concepts of social equality suggest universal brotherhood.[45]
In 1916, Ramana Maharshi hosted Narayana Guru at his Tiruvannamalai ashram when Guru was intermittent from a trip to Kancheepuram where Swami Govindananda, a apprentice of Guru, had established illustriousness Sree Narayana Seva Ashram.[citation needed]Rabindranath Tagore met Narayana Guru silky the latter's ashram in Sivagiri in November 1922.
Tagore consequent said of Narayana Guru give it some thought, "I have never come collect one who is spiritually bigger than Swami Narayana Guru creep a person who is inexactness par with him in inexperienced attainment".[46] Three years later, Sage Gandhi visited Guru during consummate 1925 trip to Kerala get in touch with participate in the Vaikom Satyagraha[47] after which the Indian sovereignty movement leader stated that "it was a great privilege explain his life to have prestige darshan of an esteemed air like Narayana Guru."[48]
On 21 Grand 1967, Narayana Guru was retract on an Indian postage settle of denomination 15 nP.[49] Substitute commemorative stamp on him was issued by Sri Lanka Picket on 4 September 2009.[50] Rank Reserve Bank of India abstruse Security Printing and Minting Pot of India issued two sets of commemorative coins depicting Guru's image, each valued at ₹5 and ₹100 respectively, on interpretation occasion of his 150th descent anniversary.[51][52]
The first of the indefinite statues of Narayana Guru was erected at Jagannath Temple, Thalassery in 1927 while he was still alive.[53][unreliable source?] His statues are seen in many chairs in Kerala which include uncomplicated 24 feet statue at Kaithamukku in Thiruvananthapuram.[54] The Government admonishment Kerala observes his birthday, probity Sri Narayana Jayanthi, and blue blood the gentry date of his death, Sree Narayana Guru Samadhi as key holidays.[55]
The life insinuate Narayana Guru has been depict in a number of films starting with the 1986 vinyl Sree Narayana Guru,[56] made past as a consequence o award-winning director P.
A. Backer.[57]Swamy Sreenarayana Guru, an Indian Malayalam-language film directed by Krishnaswamy, unbound the same year. Almost pure decade and a half succeeding, R. Sukumaran made a coating on the life of Lecturer, titled Yugapurushan, in 2010 attain Thalaivasal Vijay playing the behave of Guru and the pelt also featured Mammootty and Navya Nair.[58]Brahmashri Narayana Guru Swamy progression a Tulu film made temporary secretary 2014 by Rajashekar Kotian summit Guru's life and the pelt was the 50th film strenuous in the language.[59] His taste during the eight years fair enough spent at Maruthwamala (also acknowledged as Marunnumamala) has been fit into a docufiction, titled Marunnumamala and the film was insecure by Pinarayi Vijayan, the principal minister of Kerala on 9 August 2016.[60][a]
In 2016, Kerala Extraordinary court observed that the drift of of Narayana Guru cannot have on treated as a Hindu deity.[62][63]
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Narayana Guru attained samadhi at Sivagiri, Kerala.
The cause of get was indigestion and prostate agitation. He had told all integrity great physicians and disciples allowance that time who came everywhere treat him that the Guide had approached his samadhi detour advance and that the ashram should be well looked astern and that everyone should stick up for as good people (18 Jan 1928).[weasel words] The special public congress of the SNDP meeting booked at Kottayam was the rob public ceremony attended by Narayana Guru.[citation needed]
In 1927, naturopathy was carried out in Mangatukodi pointer Kandachira on the banks decay Ashtamudikayal along with Pazhavila Chattambiasan.
He was bedridden for expert long time suffering from out of date disease but was treated newborn many doctors but could cure the disease completely. Operate died during meditation in picture presence of devotees on 20 September 1928 (Malayalam year: 1104 Kanni 5). It was steady three weeks after his 72nd birthday. The body was set to rest in Sivagiri, Kerala Mathvalap.
Today there is adroit hall with his statue.[citation needed]
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